الإخراج أو التبرز أحد وظائف الجسم الطبيعية لدى جميع البشر، وهو عملية التخلص من الفضلات الصلبة أو شبه الصلبة الناتجة عن عملية الهضم. لكن هذه العملية الطبيعية يمكن أن تتعرض لبعض الاضطرابات. والتي تتضمن إخراج براز ليّن أو سائل بشكل متكرر. هذه المشكلة تنتج غالبًا عن الإسهال.
في بعض الحالات، يكون الإسهال مصحوبًا بتقلصات في البطن، كما أنه في كثير من الأحيان يمكن الاستدلال على الإصابة بالإسهال بسبب انتفاخ البطن أو إطلاق الريح بشكل متكرر.
يصاب معظم الأشخاص بالإسهال بضعة مرات في العام ويتمكنون من علاجه بسهولة عن طريق تناول دواء للإسهال. فهذه ظاهرة طبيعية، رغم أنها قد تكون مزعجة للغاية بالطبع. لكن لحسن الحظ، هناك عدد من الطرق التي يمكن أن تساعدك على الحد من المشكلة وتقليل معدل إصابتك بالإسهال.
يجب أن تعرف أسباب إصابتك بالإسهال أولًا لكي تتمكن من تجنبه. ولتحديد هذه الأسباب، سنشرح لك هنا أساسيات عمل الجهاز الهضمي، وأنواع الإسهال الستة التي تصيب معظم الأشخاص.
ماذا يحدث بالضبط خلال عملية الهضم
ينتج الإسهال عن وقوع تغيرات في عملية الهضم. لذلك يجب أن تفهم ما يحدث أثناء هذه العملية لكي تتمكن من الحفاظ على نظامها وتوازنها.
يتولى الجهاز الهضمي معالجة الطعام الذي تتناوله وتحويله إلى وقود لوظائف الجسم المختلفة. ولفعل ذلك، يحتاج إلى تفكيك الطعام إلى أجزاء صغيرة من خلال عدة مراحل.
يتم في البداية تكسير الطعام في الفم من خلال حركتي القضم والمضغ، ثم ينتقل إلى المعدة للمرور بالمرحلة التالية.
بعد وصول الطعام إلى المعدة، يتم هضمه جزئيًا بواسطة الأنزيمات الهضمية والحمض المعدي، ثم ينتقل الطعام إلى الأمعاء الدقيقة حيث تتم 90% من عملية الهضم والامتصاص بالكامل.
تعمل العصارة الهضمية مع عصارة البنكرياس وعصارة المرارة (الصفراء) على تفكيك الكربوهيدرات، والبروتين، والدهون الموجودة في الطعام بالكامل. كما تعمل الأمعاء الدقيقة على نقل الماء من مجرى الدم إلى القناة الهضمية لتسهيل هذه العملية. وإجمالًا، يبقى الطعام في الأمعاء الدقيقة لمدة أربع ساعات تقريبًا حتى الانتهاء من امتصاص جميع العناصر الغذائية.
حالما يتم ذلك، تنتقل المخلفات إلى الأمعاء الغليظة حيث يتم امتصاص المزيد العناصر الغذائية والماء، ويتكون البراز من الفضلات التي لا يمكن للجسم امتصاصها. تستغرق هذه العملية بالكامل قرابة 36 ساعة حتى يتخلص الجسم من الفضلات عن طريق عملية الإخراج.
أنواع الإسهال
ينتج الإسهال عن تسارع عملية الهضم لسبب ما، ولهذا يضطر المصاب بالإسهال لدخول الحمام بمعدل أكبر من المعتاد.
لكن من المهم أن تدرك أن هناك 6 أنواع مختلفة من الإسهال، وكل نوع يدل على اضطرابات محددة في صحة الجهاز الهضمي. لذلك، يجب أن تحدد نوع الإسهال الذي تعاني منه لكي تتمكن من اختيار العلاج المناسب لحالتك.
- الإسهال الحاد
الإسهال الحاد هو أكثر أنواع الإسهال شيوعًا تقريبًا، وتتسبب به عادة الفيروسات (كما في حالة النزلة المعوية). وهذه الحالة لا تدعو للقلق عادة، ولا تستمر سوى لبضعة أيام. لكن من الضروري أن تستشير الطبيب إن استمرت لمدة أطول من ذلك.
- الإسهال المزمن
يمكن تصنيف الإسهال كإسهال مزمن إن استمر معك لأربعة أسابيع أو شهر. وعادة ما يكون الإسهال المزمن علامة على مشكلة صحية كامنة، هذه المشاكل قد تتضمن القولون العصبي، أو أمراض الأمعاء الالتهابية مثل داء كرون والتهاب القولون التقرحي، أو عدوى مزمنة، أو متلازمات سوء الامتصاص (خلل في هضم وامتصاص الطعام).
يحب عليك زيارة الطبيب فورًا إن كان الإسهال مصحوبًا بارتفاع درجة الحرارة وألم حاد وجفاف.
- الإسهال التناضحي
يحدث الإسهال التناضحي حين توجد كمية كبيرة من الماء في الأمعاء، مما ينتج عنه عادة إخراج براز سائل ويشير في الأغلب إلى أنك قد تناولت طعامًا أو شرابًا لم يستطع الجسم امتصاصه كما يجب.
أحد الأسباب المحتملة للإسهال التناضحي هي عدم تحمل اللاكتوز، كما يمكن أن ينتج عن تناول محليات الطعام الصناعية.
لتجنب هذا النوع من الإسهال، حاول تقليل استهلاكك من منتجات الألبان ومحليات الطعام المصنعة.
- الإسهال الإفرازي
رغم أن هذا النوع من الإسهال يتشابه كثيرًا مع الإسهال التناضحي، إلا أنك قد تصاب بالإسهال الإفرازي حتى إن كنت تتجنب منتجات الألبان والمحليات المنصعة كليًا.
إن لم تتخلص من الإسهال حتى بعد الامتناع عن مسببات الإسهال التناضحي، فإن السبب قد يكون أن أمعاءك تفرز العناصر الكهرليتية في القولون مما ينتج عنه تراكم الماء في القناة الهضمية.
هذه الظاهرة يمكن أن تنتج عن عدة عوامل، تتنوع بين أنواع العدوى المختلفة والحالات الأكثر ندرة مثل أمراض الغدد الصماء. ونحن ننصح بزيارة الطبيب إن كنت تعاني من هذه المشكة.
- الإسهال المصاحب للسفر
يعاني الكثيرين من الإصابة بالإسهال عند السفر لمكان جديد، أثناء فترة الاعتياد على الأنواع المختلفة من الطعام والمشروبات، والطرق الجديدة في إعداد الطعام. كما أن تناول أطعمة أو مشروبات ملوثة قد يتسبب بالإصابة بهذا النوع من الإسهال في بعض الأحيان.
- الإسهال المصاحب للركض
الركض أيضًا يمكن أن يتسبب في زيادة معدل احتياجك لدخول الحمام. وهذا النوع من الإسهال شائع بين العدائين، خاصة الذين يركضون لمسافات طويلة، وأهم أعراضه هي إخراج براز ليّن بعد الركض مباشرة.
رغم أن العلماء لم يتوصلوا بعد لسبب دقيق لهذه الحالة، إلا أن الخبراء يعتقدون أن هناك عدد من العوامل التي يمكن أن تتسبب في الإصابة بالإسهال عند الركض، ومنها تحرك الأمعاء واصطدامها مع حركة الجري، والتغيرات في المستويات الطبيعية لهرمون الأمعاء، ونقص تدفق الدم للأمعاء، وزيادة معدل استهلاك الطعام، والقلق أو التوتر قبل الركض.
المعلومة الأكيدة لدينا هي أن الطعام عادة ما يتحرك خلال الجهاز الهضمي بمعدل أسرع حين يؤدي العدائين والرياضيين المحترفين تمريناتهم.
علاقة الإسهال بالتوتر
بالإضافة إلى المشاكل الصحية الكامنة، وعدم تحمل أنواع معينة من الطعام، والبكتيريا والفيروسات التي تدخل إلى الجهاز الهضمي، فإن التوتر والضغط العصبي أيضًا يمكن أن يساهما في إصابتك بالإسهال.
فالكثيرون يشتكون من الشعور بتقلصات أو مغص في بطونهم حين يتعرضون لمواقف لم يعتادوها، مثل التقاء أشخاص جدد، أو اتخاذ قرارات مصيرية، أو المنافسة في سباق (كما يحدث للعدائين الذين يصابون بالإسهال عند الركض). وهناك بالفعل علاقة قوية بين المشاعر أو الحالة النفسية وبين حركة الأمعاء. وهذا يعني أن الحالة الصحية لجهازك الهضمي قد تعكس مشاعرك في هذا الوقت، والعكس صحيح.
وذلك لأن الأحياء الدقيقة التي تعيش داخل جسم الانسان (95% منها يعيش في الأمعاء الغليظة) تنتج مركبات حيوية يمكنها التحكم في الحالة المزاجية للشخص وتحفيز أعصاب المعدة.
تعليق أخير
فضلًا عن معرفة الطرق الفعالة لعلاج التهاب الامعاء والاسهال، من الضروري أن تفهم أساسيات عملية الهضم في جسمك لتتمكن من التعامل مع حالتك الصحية بالشكل الصحيح. ونحن ننصح بالرجوع لهذا الدليل إذا أردت معرفة أنواع الإسهال التي تصيب الإنسان، خاصة إذا كنت بحاجة لتصنيف حالتك للبحث عن العلاج المناسب لها.
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